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It is necessary to acknowledge other people’s work or ideas when writing; hence, the sources used in your work must be referenced. Asides from properly crediting the original owners of the research or ideas, you get to show the reader that your work is grounded in extensive research, and thus an authority on the subject.
A work that is not properly referenced is considered to be plagiarized. Paraphrased, summarised or direct contents from others are expected to be referenced. You may however not be required to reference common knowledge. An example of common knowledge is ‘America is in North America’.
This is usually via an in-text citation within the body of a text that refers to work or ideas by others. The in-text citation provides limited information that directs you to the full information in the source. Also, a complete reference list is provided at the end of the written materials of works or ideas taken from others. The reference list gives the reader more details about the source.
APA is among the several referencing styles used in academic writing, and it signifies the American Psychological Association. The referencing style is used in the behavioural and social sciences fields. Thus, it is the preferred choice of scientific, medical, and public health journals, textbooks and academic papers. APA 7 is the seventh edition released in October 2019.
To write an in-text citation, always include the surname of the author along with the year of publication. Also, a page number can be included for short quotations or specific phrases that are used directly, summarised or paraphrased; they are also useful when citing a longer material, e.g. a book
For a work that a single person authored, here are some examples:
According to Henning (1999), one of...
Henning (2017), believes ...
Henning (2018, p. 19) argued that …
AcademicianHelp (2020) disclosed….
For longer quotes include them as a separate sentence or paragraph with the citation at the end.
Henning (2007), described research as a systematic approach to creating new knowledge or a method of verifying existing knowledge. He further stated that A process used to determine the viability of a project or procedure based on the experiential application of clearly defined and repeatable steps and an evaluation of the outcomes (Henning, 2007, p. 63).
For a work that two or three people authored, your in-text citation should take the following format:
According to Henning & Zabini (1999), one of...
Henning & Zaid (2017, p. 19), believed...
Use et al. when several people author a piece of work.
Henning et al., (2014) described research as a systematic approach of creating new knowledge or a method of verifying existing knowledge.
Different years: Experts (Henning, 1999, 2006) assert that…
Same Year: (Zaid 2008a, 2008b)
Arrange in alphabetical order as it will appear in the reference list
Experts (Henning & Grandule, 2006; Henning & Zabini, 2004; Grandule, 2002; Zaid et al., 2005) assert that…
Experts (Henning & Grandule, 2006; Henning & Zabini, 2004; Grandule, 2002; Zaid et al., 2005; Zhander, 2003, 2005) assert that…
Where two authors with same surnames published their works in the same year, use the necessary initials
(P.-I. Henning, 2003)
(P. Henning, 2009; I.-L. Henning et al., 2010)
African Union (2009)
Women’s Rights Act (2000)
Use the title of the work – including for a newspaper
“Anger Psychology” (2005)
(“Anger Psychology,” 2005)
It is usually the last page of a work and contains all the resources cited within the write-up. It is written numerically, starting with the citation number, followed by the name(s) of the author(s) (or title, in a case, whereby there is no author).
The formatting for the Author’s name is Surname, First name’s initial. E.g.,
Surname, A. (for 1 author)
Surname, A. & Surname, A. (for 2 authors)
Surname, A., Surname, B. & Surname, C. (for 3 authors)
Surname, et al. (for more than 3 authors)
Please note that the format of writing a reference list varies, depending on the type of material used.
Author(s), | (year). | Book title | (edition, Page(s)). Publisher. For example: Surname, A.. (2000). A quick and complete guide to referencing (2nd ed., p 65). AcademicHelp.
A chapter (from an edited book): Author(s), | (year). | Book title | (year). | Book title | In: Author(s)/Editor(s) of the book (edition, pages). Publisher. For example: Surname, A., (2000). A quick and complete guide to referencing. In Editor, A., General referencing guides (2nd ed., p.65). AcademicHelp.
Print journal article (not taken online): Author(s), | (year). | Title of article | Journal Title, | volume(issue), | First page – last page. For example: Henning, S. (2019). ESP 8266: a breakthrough in wireless sensor networks and internet of things. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology, 6(8), pp.07-11
Journal article (online website or database): Author(s), | (year). | Title of article | Journal Title, | volume(issue), | First page – last page. | Retrieved Day Month Year, from URL. For example: Henning, S. (2019). ESP 8266: a breakthrough in wireless sensor networks and internet of things. International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology, 6(8), 07-11. Retrieved 14 January 2022, from http://academicianhelp.com/Premium-Resources
When a website page author is specified: Author(s) | (Year). | Title of page. | Website Name. | Retrieved Day Month Year, from URL. For example: Henning, S. (2019). Secured Online Portal for File Storage. AcademicianHelp. Retrieved 14 January 2022, from https://academicianhelp.co.uk/Free-Resources/secured-online-portal-for-file-storage.
When no website page author is specified: Website Name, | (Year). | Title of page. | Retrieved Day Month Year, from URL. For example: AcademicianHelp, (2019). Secured Online Portal for File Storage. AcademicianHelp. Retrieved 14 January 2022, from https://academicianhelp.co.uk/Free-Resources/secured-online-portal-for-file-storage.
When it is a blog (a blog is generally run by a single individual): Author(s) | (Year). | Title of page [Blog]. | Website Name. | Retrieved Day Month Year, from URL. From example: Henning, C. (2019). Secured Online Portal for File Storage [Blog]. Retrieved 14 January 2022, from https://academicianhelp.co.uk/Free-Resources/secured-online-portal-for-file-storage.
Published in a journal: Author(s), | (year). | Title of paper | Proceedings of – conference name, location of the conference | volume(issue), | First page – last page. For example: Author, A. L., Author, A., Gallop, R., Hoyle, R. H., Kelly, D. R., & Matthews, M. D. (2019). Cognitive and noncognitive predictors of success. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 116(47), 23499–23504. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910510116
Published as a whole book: follow the same reference format as whole edited books, for example: Kushilevitz, E., & Malkin, T. (Eds.). (2016). Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 9562. Theory of cryptography. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49096-9
Proceedings published as a book chapter: Bedenel, A.-L., Jourdan, L., & Biernacki, C. (2019). Probability estimation by an adapted genetic algorithm in web insurance. In R. Battiti, M. Brunato, I. Kotsireas, & P. Pardalos (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 11353. Learning and intelligent optimization (pp. 225–240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05348-2_21
Online: Author(s), | (Year, Month Day). | Title | News Organisation. | URL. For example: Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at forgetting? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-psychology.html
Print: Author(s), | (Year, Month Day). | Title | News Organisation, | page. For example: Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart shuttered nuclear reactor that can make bomb-grade plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4. Or Stobbe, M. (2020, January 8). Cancer death rate in U.S. sees largest one-year drop ever. Chicago Tribune.
Print: Author(s), | (Year, Month Day). | Title | Magazine Organisation, | Volume (issue), | page. For example: Lyons, D. (2009, June 15). Don’t ‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus writers. Guess who’s winning. Newsweek, 153(24), 27.
Online: Author(s), | (Year, Month Day). | Title | Magazine Organisation. | Volume (issue), | url Schulman, M. (2019, September 9). Superfans: A love story. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/16/superfans-a-love-story
These are artwork collections at museums or gallery: Author(s) | (Year). | Title of art. [medium]. | Museum/Gallery, | Location. For example: van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the-starry-night-1889/
Movie/Film: Director(s) name (Director).| (Year). | Title of film. [medium]. | Production Company ; (ies) | Location. Fleming, V. (Director). (1939). Gone with the wind [Film]. Selznick International Pictures; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Radio: Announcer(s) name (Director).| (Year, Month Day). | Titlr of the story. [Radio Braodcast]. | Production Company | URL. Mottram, L. (2020, January 8). Hazard reduction burning is not a panacea to bushfire risk: Expert [Radio broadcast]. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/pm/thinned-forests-can-be-more-prone-to-fire,-expert-says/11853280
See also:
A Quick and Complete Guide to Oxford Referencing
A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing
A Quick Guide to Vancouver Referencing
A Quick Guide to MLA (8th edition) Referencing
A Quick Guide to IEEE Referencing in Microsoft Word
A Quick Guide To IEEE Referencing
A Quick Guide To APA 7 Referencing
A Quick Guide To American Meteorological Society (AMS) Style Referencing
A Quick And Complete Guide To Chicago Referencing
A Quick Guide To MHRA Referencing
A Quick Guide To OSCOLA Referencing
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